This study examines regional convergence in childhood vaccination coverage across Italy from 2000 to 2021, focusing on the interaction between socioeconomic development and public health policy. Using regional data from the Italian Ministry of Health and the Global Data Lab, vaccination rates for key antigens (POL3, DTP3, EpB3) were analyzed through multivariate mixture models linking coverage to the Human Development Index (HDI). Results reveal a marked convergence: southern regions with historically lower HDI and vaccination levels have progressively aligned with the national average, driven largely by legislative reforms—particularly Law 119/2017, which reintroduced and expanded mandatory immunization. However, persistent outliers, such as the Province of Bolzano, highlight the influence of cultural and linguistic factors beyond socioeconomic determinants. The f indings underscore that sustained national coordination, coupled with region-specific communication and trust-building strategies, is essential to achieving equitable vaccination coverage and long-term public health cohesion.